In Vitro ADME Screening
1. Metabolic stability (microsomes/hepatocytes across species)
2. CYP450 inhibition/induction, transporter assays (P-gp, BCRP)
3. Plasma protein binding, solubility, and permeability (Caco-2/PAMPA)
4. Reactive metabolite identification (glutathione trapping, covalent binding assays).
In Vivo Pharmacokinetics (PK)
1. Rodent and non-rodent PK/PD studies (IV, PO, SC routes)
2. Tissue distribution, mass balance, and excretion (bile, urine, feces)
3. Bioavailability (F%), half-life (t1/2), clearance (CL), and volume of distribution (Vd) profiling.
Specialized Assays
1. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) penetration studies
2. Drug-drug interaction (DDI) risk assessment
3. PBPK/PD modeling for human dose prediction.