Cardiovascular System

Myocardial Infarction Model

• Permanent Ligation: Surgical permanent occlusion of the Left Anterior Descending (LAD) coronary artery.

Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Model

• Surgical Occlusion: Temporary occlusion of the LAD coronary artery for a defined period (e.g., 30-60 minutes)

followed by reperfusion.

• Non-surgical Occlusion: Intraluminal balloon catheter inflation or pharmacologically induced ischemia.

Heart Failure Model

• Pressure Overload: Induced by Transverse Aortic Constriction (TAC) or renal artery stenosis.
• Volume Overload: Induced by aorto-caval shunt or major arteriovenous fistula.
• Myocardial Injury: Post-myocardial infarction or drug-induced (e.g., Doxorubicin).
• Rapid Ventricular Pacing: Chronic rapid pacing to induce tachycardiomyopathy.

Cardiomyopathy Model

• Dilated Cardiomyopathy (DCM): Induced by genetic modification (e.g., δ-sarcoglycan deficiency) or chronic

volume overload.
• Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy (HCM): Induced by genetic modification (e.g., β-myosin heavy chain mutations)

or chronic pressure overload.
• Toxic Cardiomyopathy: Induced by chemotherapeutic agents like Doxorubicin.

Myocardial Remodeling Model

• Induced by pressure overload (e.g., TAC), myocardial infarction, volume overload, or chronic drug infusion.

Heart Transplantation Model

• Heterotopic Transplantation: Implantation of a donor heart into the abdomen of the recipient; assesses rejection

and graft survival (primarily in rodents).
• Orthotopic Transplantation: Replacement of the recipient's native heart; assesses full functional integration

(primarily in large animals).

Hypothermic Cardiopulmonary Bypass Model

• Established using a heart-lung machine circuit with systemic heparinization and core cooling to mild-moderate

hypothermia (e.g., 28-32°C), typically in large animals.

Heart Valve Injury Model

• Aortic Valve Regurgitation: Induced by catheter-based leaflet perforation or surgical puncture of the valve.
• Aortic/Mitral Valve Stenosis: Induced by direct surgical banding or wire injury to promote calcific stenosis.

Atherosclerosis Model

• Swine: High-fat diet & balloon injury for human-like plaques & device testing.

• Rabbit: High-cholesterol diet or genetic models for drug screening.

Aortic Constriction Model

• Transverse Aortic Constriction (TAC): For pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy.
• Abdominal Aortic Constriction (AAC): For studying renal hypertension or vascular remodeling.

Carotid Artery Constriction Model

• Partial ligation of the left common carotid artery to induce low shear stress and subsequent atherosclerosis.

Aortic Dissection Model

• Induced in mice by β-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) infusion and angiotensin II (Ang II) administration.

Carotid Aneurysm Model

• Induced by elastase application or calcium chloride (CaCl₂) injury to the carotid artery.

Carotid Artery Balloon Injury Model

• Performed in rats; a balloon catheter is inflated and withdrawn to denude the endothelium and induce neointimal hyperplasia.

Arteriovenous Fistula Model

• Created by surgical anastomosis between the femoral artery and vein or the carotid artery and jugular vein.

Vascular Injury Model

• Wire or Chemical Injury: Endothelial denudation of the femoral or carotid artery.
• Laser-Induced Injury: To study thrombus formation in real-time.

Femoral Vein Thrombosis Model

• Induced by direct vessel ligation (stenosis model) or by FeCl₂-induced chemical injury.

Deep Vein Thrombosis Model

• Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Ligation: To induce stasis-based thrombosis.
• IVC Stenosis: A partial ligation model that allows for blood flow.

Hindlimb Ischemia Model

• Induced by unilateral ligation and excision of the femoral artery and its branches.

Hypertension Model

• Pharmacological Induction: Chronic infusion of Angiotensin II or L-NAME (NO synthase inhibitor).
• Genetic Model: Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHR).
• Renovascular Hypertension: Two-Kidney, One-Clip (2K1C) model.

Hyperlipidemia Model

• Induced in mice (e.g., C57BL/6) or hamsters by a high-fat/high-cholesterol diet.
• Genetic Models: ApoE-/- or LDLR-/- mice on a normal or Western diet.

Hemorrhagic Shock Model

• Induced by controlled withdrawal of a large volume of blood (e.g., from the femoral artery) to a target mean arterial pressure.

Arrhythmia Model

• Drug-Induced: Triggered by agents like Calcium Chloride or Aconitine.
• Electrical Pacing-Induced: Programmed electrical stimulation to induce tachyarrhythmias.
• Ischemia-Induced: Acute coronary occlusion to induce ventricular arrhythmias.

Atrial Fibrillation Model

• Rapid Atrial Pacing: Sustained rapid pacing to induce electrical and structural remodeling.
• ACh/CaCl₂ Infusion: Continuous infusion of Acetylcholine and Calcium Chloride.
• Transgenic Models: Genetically modified mice with atrial-specific ion channel abnormalities.

Autoimmune Myocarditis Model

• Induced by immunization with specific cardiac myosin peptides (e.g., in A/J mice) combined with adjuvants.