Urinary System

Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Model

Induced by temporary clamping of the renal artery (unilateral or bilateral), followed by reperfusion. A standard model for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) mimicking injury from shock or surgery.

Acute Kidney Injury Model

A broad category encompassing ischemia-reperfusion, nephrotoxicant, and septic insults.

Nephrotoxicant-Induced AKI Model

• Cisplatin-Induced AKI: A single injection of the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin causes acute tubular necrosis, widely used for AKI studies.
• Glycerol-Induced AKI: Intramuscular injection of glycerol induces rhabdomyolysis and myoglobinuric AKI.

Pyelonephritis Model

Induced by direct instillation of uropathogenic bacteria (e.g., E. coli) into the bladder or kidney, modeling ascending kidney infection.

Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction (UUO) Model

Induced by surgical ligation of one ureter. The gold-standard model for studying rapid-onset Renal Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis.

Renal Fibrosis Model

A general term for models like UUO, chronic Angiotensin II infusion, or repeated nephrotoxins, leading to extracellular matrix accumulation.

Cisplatin-Induced Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) Model

Established by repeated, low-dose cisplatin injections, leading to sustained tubular injury, inflammation, and fibrosis, modeling CKD post-chemotherapy.

Renal Failure Model (Chronic)

Represents the end-stage of CKD, often achieved through 5/6 nephrectomy or prolonged UUO, characterized by significantly reduced glomerular filtration rate.

Hypertensive Nephropathy Model

Induced by chronic infusion of Angiotensin II or using genetic hypertensive strains (e.g., SHR), leading to glomerulosclerosis and proteinuria.

Diabetic Nephropathy Model

• Streptozotocin (STZ)-Induced Model: STZ injection in mice/rats induces type 1 diabetes, leading to progressive albuminuria and glomerulosclerosis.
• db/db or eNOS⁻/⁺;db/db Mice: Genetic models for type 2 diabetes with robust diabetic kidney disease phenotypes.

Glomerulonephritis Model

• Anti-GBM Glomerulonephritis: Induced by injection of anti-glomerular basement membrane antibodies.
• Heymann Nephritis: Induced by immunization with FX1A antigen, modeling human membranous nephropathy.

Hyperuricemia Model

Induced by potassium oxonate (a uricase inhibitor) in rodents, or by feeding a high-purine diet, leading to elevated serum uric acid.

Nephrolithiasis Model

Induced by ethylene glycol administration in drinking water, often with ammonium chloride, to promote calcium oxalate crystal formation in the kidneys.

Nephrectomy Model

• Unilateral Nephrectomy: Surgical removal of one kidney, often as a control or to study compensatory hypertrophy.
• 5/6 Nephrectomy (Subtotal Nephrectomy): Surgical ablation of 5/6 of total renal mass, a classic model for Chronic Renal Failure and CKD.

Kidney Transplantation Model

A microsurgical model in rodents (e.g., mouse, rat) for studying allograft rejection, tolerance, and ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Cystitis Model

• Cyclophosphamide-Induced Cystitis: Intraperitoneal injection of cyclophosphamide causes hemorrhagic cystitis.
• LPS-Induced Cystitis: Intravesical instillation of lipopolysaccharide models bacterial cystitis and inflammation.

Bladder Outlet Obstruction Model

Induced by partial ligation of the urethra in rodents, modeling benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)-related obstruction and subsequent bladder hypertrophy.

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Model

Induced in rats by chronic administration of testosterone and estradiol, leading to prostate stromal and epithelial hyperplasia.

Prostatitis Model

Induced by intraprostatic injection of Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) or by autoimmune induction with prostate tissue homogenates.

Prostate Cancer Model

• Xenograft: Subcutaneous or orthotopic implantation of human prostate cancer cell lines (e.g., LNCaP, PC-3).
• Transgenic: TRAMP (Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate) mice that spontaneously develop prostate cancer.

Urethral Injury/Stricture Model

Created by electrocautery or mechanical scraping of the urethra, leading to fibrosis and stricture formation during healing.

Stress Urinary Incontinence Model

Induced by vaginal distension or pudendal nerve transection in female rodents, simulating injury during childbirth.