Nervous System

Focal Cerebral Ischemia Model

• Permanent MCAO: Via electrocautery or microclip occlusion of the MCA.
• Transient MCAO (tMCAO): Via intraluminal suture occlusion followed by

reperfusion.

Cerebral Hemorrhage Model

• Collagenase Model: Intrastriatal injection of bacterial collagenase.
• Blood Infusion Model: Direct infusion of autologous blood into the brain

parenchyma.

Traumatic Brain Injury Model

• Controlled Cortical Impact (CCI): A pneumatic or electromagnetic impactor is used.
• Weight-Drop Model: A defined weight is dropped onto the exposed dura.

Hydrocephalus Model

• Kaolin-Induced: Injection of kaolin into the cisterna magna to obstruct CSF flow.

Brain Edema Model

• Water Intoxication Model: Combined with vasopressin administration to induce cytotoxic edema.

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) Model

• Transgenic Models: APP/PS1, 5xFAD mice.
• Aβ Pathology Model: Intracerebral injection of Aβ oligomers or

preformed fibrils.
• Acute Cognitive Impairment Model: Scopolamine-induced

amnesia for cognitive screening.

Parkinson's Disease (PD) Model

• Neurotoxin Models: MPTP or 6-OHDA injection.
• α-Synuclein PFF Model: Intracerebral injection of α-synuclein

preformed fibrils.
• Genetic Models: Transgenic mice expressing mutant α-synuclein

(e.g., A53T).

Hepatic Encephalopathy Model

• Acute Model: Thioacetamide (TAA) injection.
• Chronic Model: Bile duct ligation (BDL).

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

Model

• Prenatal VPA Exposure.
• Genetic Models: Mutations in Shank3, Fmr1, etc.
• Inbred Strain: BTBR T+ Itpr3tf/J mice.

Depression Model

• Chronic Unpredictable Mild Stress (CUMS).
• Learned Helplessness.
• Social Defeat Stress.

Chronic Alcoholism Model

• Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Vapor Exposure.
• Two-Bottle Choice Voluntary Drinking.

Migraine Model

• Inflammatory Soup Application to the dura mater.
• Nitroglycerin (NTG) Administration to trigger attacks.

Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral

Neuropathy Model

Repeated administration of Paclitaxel, Oxaliplatin, or Vincristine.

Spinal Cord Injury Model

• Contusion Model.
• Compression Model.
• Transection Model.

Peripheral Nerve Injury Model

• Sciatic Nerve Crush (axonotmesis).
• Sciatic Nerve Transection (neurotmesis).
• Chronic Constriction Injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve.

Experimental Autoimmune

Encephalomyelitis Model

Immunization with MOG₃₅₅₅ in CFA, supplemented with 

pertussis toxin.

Pre-Eclampsia Model

• RUPP Model: Surgical constriction of uterine arteries in pregnant rats.
• sFlt-1/sENG Overexpression: Adenovirus-mediated overexpression of anti

-angiogenic factors.

Sleep Deprivation Model

• Platform/Flowerpot Method (REM sleep deprivation).
• Gentle Handling.

Glioma Model

• Orthotopic Xenograft of human cell lines (e.g., U87).
• Transgenic Models (e.g., RCAS/tv-a system).
• Chemical Induction (e.g., ENU).