Endocrine System

Type 1 Diabetes Model

• Chemical Induction: Single high-dose Streptozotocin (STZ) to selectively destroy

pancreatic β-cells.
• Genetic Models: Non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice.

Type 2 Diabetes Model

• Diet & Chemical Induction: High-fat diet (HFD) feeding combined with low-dose STZ.
• Genetic Models: db/db, ob/ob, or ZDF rats.

Diabetic Nephropathy Model

• Induced in Type 1 or Type 2 diabetic animals (e.g., STZ-injected or db/db mice) over a

prolonged period

 to develop renal hypertrophy, fibrosis, and albuminuria.

Diabetic Wound Model

• Full-thickness excisional or incisional skin wound created on the dorsum of established

diabetic rodents 

(e.g., STZ-induced or db/db mice).

Diabetic Foot Ulcer (DFU) Model

• A more severe and persistent version of the diabetic wound model, often involving

ischemia (e.g., femoral 

artery ligation) and infection on the plantar surface of the foot.

Obesity Model

• Diet-Induced Obesity (DIO): Long-term high-fat diet feeding in wild-type rodents.
• Genetic Models: ob/ob (leptin-deficient) or db/db (leptin receptor-deficient) mice.

Hashimoto's Thyroiditis Model

• Immunization Models: Immunization with mouse/rat thyroglobulin (Tg) or thyroid

peroxidase (TPO) in adjuvant.
• Genetic Susceptibility Strains: NOD.H2^h4 mice.

Adrenal Insufficiency Model

• Surgical Model: Bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX).
• Chemical Model: Administration of mitotane to ablate adrenal cortical cells.