Respiratory System

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) Model

An integrative model induced by chronic cigarette smoke exposure, often combined with elastase instillation to emulate both emphysema and chronic bronchitis.

Chronic Bronchitis Model

Induced by repeated exposure to irritants like sulfur dioxide (SO₂) or cigarette smoke, characterized by mucus hypersecretion and airway inflammation.

Pulmonary Emphysema Model

Primarily induced by intratracheal elastase administration or genetic modifications, leading to progressive alveolar destruction and airspace enlargement.

Airway Remodeling Model

Established via chronic allergen challenge or TGF-β overexpression to study structural changes like fibrosis and smooth muscle hypertrophy.

Acute Lung Injury (ALI) Model

Commonly induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration or ventilator-induced injury to study diffuse alveolar damage.

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Model

A more severe form of ALI, often modeled using a combination of insults like LPS and ventilator-induced injury.

Pulmonary Edema Model

Induced by oleic acid intravenous injection or high-pressure ventilation to investigate mechanisms of vascular leakage and fluid accumulation.

Pulmonary Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Model

Created by temporarily clamping the pulmonary artery (e.g., in transplant settings), crucial for studying post-surgical lung damage.

Pulmonary Hypertension (PH) Model

The classic model induced by a single injection of monocrotaline (MCT) in rats, causing vascular remodeling and increased pressure.

Hypoxia-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension Model

Induced by housing animals in a sustained hypoxic chamber, ideal for studying the role of hypoxia in PH development.

Pulmonary Embolism Model

Created by intravenous injection of autologous blood clots or microspheres to physically obstruct pulmonary arteries.

Pneumonia Model

Established by direct airway inoculation with pathogens like Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Streptococcus pneumoniae.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis Model

Utilizes infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in susceptible mouse strains or guinea pigs to test vaccine and drug efficacy.

Pneumonia Model (Viral)

Can be established using relevant viruses (e.g., influenza, SARS-CoV-2) to model viral pathogenesis and immune responses.

Asthma Model

The standard model involves sensitization and airway challenge with allergens like ovalbumin (OVA) or house dust mite (HDM).

Airway Allergic Disease Model

Similar to the asthma model, focusing on the allergic sensitization phase and Th2-driven inflammation.

Rhinitis Model

Induced by local allergen challenge in the nasal mucosa, used for studying allergic rhinitis and nasal inflammation.

Pulmonary Fibrosis Model

The gold-standard model induced by a single intratracheal instillation of bleomycin in mice, leading to progressive scarring.

Acute Lung Injury (ALI) Model

Can also be used to study the early inflammatory phase that may precede fibrosis.

Lung Cancer Model

- Chemically-induced: Urethane injection for spontaneous lung tumor development.
- Genetically Engineered Mouse Models (GEMMs): e.g., KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinoma.
- Xenograft Models: Implantation of human cancer cells.

Lung Transplantation Model

A microsurgical model in rodents for studying allograft rejection, immunosuppression, and ischemia-reperfusion injury.

Hypoxia Exposure Model

Animals are housed in hypoxic chambers to study physiological adaptations or pathologies related to high-altitude or low-oxygen conditions.

Tracheal/Airway Stenosis Model

Created by mechanical or chemical injury to the trachea, used for researching wound healing and restenosis prevention.

Sinusitis Model

Induced by bacterial inoculation or sinus ostium obstruction to model acute or chronic sinusitis.